What is MEDIUM | MEDIUMSHIP?

Mediumship is the pseudoscientific[1] practice of mediating communication between familiar spirits or spirits of the dead and living human beings. Practitioners are known as "mediums" or "spirit mediums".[2][3] Different types of mediumship or spirit channeling include séance tables, trance, and Ouija. The practice is associated with spiritualism and spiritism. A similar New Age practice is known as channeling.

Belief in psychic ability is widespread[4] despite the absence of empirical evidence for its existence.[5] Scientific researchers have attempted to ascertain the validity of claims of mediumship for more than one hundred years and have consistently failed to confirm them. As late as 2005, an experiment undertaken by the British Psychological Society reaffirmed that test subjects who self-identified as mediums demonstrated no mediumistic ability.[6]

Mediumship gained popularity during the nineteenth century when Ouija boards were used as entertainment. Investigations during this period revealed widespread fraud—with some practitioners employing techniques used by stage magicians—and the practice began to lose credibility.[7][8] Fraud is still rife in the medium or psychic industry, with cases of deception and trickery being discovered today.[1]

Several different variants of mediumship have been described; arguably, the best-known forms involve a spirit purportedly taking control of a medium's voice and using it to relay a message, or where the medium "hears" the message and passes it on. Other forms involve materializations of the spirit or the presence of a voice, as well as telekinetic activity.

Concept

Séance conducted by John Beattie, Bristol, England, 1872

In Spiritism and Spiritualism, the medium is an intermediary between the world of the living and the world of spirit. Mediums say that they can listen to and relay messages from spirits or allow a spirit to control their body and speak through it directly or by using automatic writing or drawing.

Spiritualists classify types of mediumship into two main categories: "mental" and "physical" [9]

Mental mediums purportedly "tune in" to the spirit world by listening, sensing, or seeing spirits or symbols.

Physical mediums are believed to produce the materialization of spirits, apports of objects, and other effects such as knocking, rapping, bell-ringing, etc., by using "ectoplasm" created from the cells of their bodies and those of séance attendees.

During seances, mediums are said to go into trances, varying from light to profound, that permit spirits to control their minds.[10]

Channeling can be seen as the modern form of the old mediumship, where the "channel" (or channeller) purportedly receives messages from a "teaching spirit," an "Ascended master," from God, or an angelic entity, but essentially through the filter of his waking consciousness (or "Higher Self").[11]

Source: Wikipedia

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